Ontology Development Through Concept Maps Using Text Indices

Metaphysics Development Through Concept Maps Using Text Indices Unique Ontology goes about as a stage for information sharing and portrayal to speak to a specific space as modified web data gathering. While building up those ontologies for a specific space, it stresses the information base over the worldwide data than the neighborhood in data. In this task speak to an altered metaphysics framework for a specific space. Information mining is picked as a space to speak to its ideas and degree all inclusive. This framework is created by looking at the previous ontologies on Data Mining and consolidating the fundamental highlights related with it. At long last the ontological model produced for the space Data Mining is spoken to as theoretical guide utilizing protã ©gã ©. The reasonable guide helps in recognizing the connections between the ideas dependent on the semantics of the terms. Idea guide can be in different various structures. Among that we speak to the idea map for information mining in Onto-Graph. List Terms-Concept Map Mining, Concept Map age, Text Mining. 1. Presentation Different apparatuses and methods are utilized in the advancement of the training field to achieve the higher outcomes and quality. Information Exploration is the act of utilizing perception strategies to discover unanticipated connections between information focuses or sets of focuses in a huge databases. Perception methods can likewise be applied to data that is as of now known. The reason for any perception to be utilized in an instructive setting is to encourage the learning of some information (thought, idea, reality, calculation, relationship). So as to achieve perception it must make associations between the information student and the information being educated. Calculated structures, for example, idea maps, theme maps and reasonable charts manage sorting out, preparing and picturing the space information in Web based instructive frameworks (WBES)[1]. Idea maps are foreseen so as to conquer the weaknesses of brain map. Idea Maps are graphical portrayal of information that are contained ideas and the connections between them. Generally ideas are typified in circle or boxes. The connection between ideas is enunciated in connecting phrases, e.g., offers ascend to, results in, is required by, or adds to. Idea map utilizes the triple structure idea connect idea. Idea mapping is a tried, instinctive, low section cost strategy for information catch and creation. In Concept map ideas are spoken to in a various leveled style with the most comprehensive, most broad ideas at the highest point of the guide and the more explicit, less broad ideas masterminded at the base level. Idea and web philosophy language speak to a similar area information. Idea map contains the hubs and names and Web Ontology Language (OWL) have the classes, occasions and properties. Figure 1.1 Correspondence of Main Ontology Elements To Concept Map The article is additionally sorted out as follows. In area 2 related chips away at applied guide are described more or less. In segment 3 the catchphrase extraction and idea map age is introduced. In Section 4 the assessment and execution techniques are depicted. The outcomes and conversations and the end are quickly talked about in area 5. 2. RELATED WORKS The fundamental point of this part is to depict the hypothetical establishments and important foundation of idea map creation. It additionally draws out the various meanings of philosophy a diagram of catchphrase extraction, metaphysics creation, and idea maps the principle point of the venture is to build up the area cosmology for Data Mining so as to give the information base in that space. At this stage it is fundamental to have a look about the previous comparative sort of cosmology and handle the information base on that ontologies. There are different explores done on the idea of area metaphysics particularly on Data Mining. Cosmology Cosmology is a formal, express particular of a common conceptualization[2]. It is officially speaks to information as a lot of ideas inside an area, and the connections between sets of ideas. It very well may be utilized to show a space and bolster thinking about ideas. It gives a common jargon, which can be utilized to demonstrate a space, that is, the kind of items or potentially ideas that exist, and their properties and relations. Perception A decent perception positively needs to accomplish more, yet these rules are helpful to adhere to a meaningful boundary between a ton of things that are frequently called representation and what we consider perception in this field[3]. In view of (non-visual) information. A visualization’s object is the correspondence of information. That implies that the information must originate from something that is dynamic or if nothing else not quickly obvious (like within the human body). This principles out photography and picture handling. Representation changes from the undetectable to the visible[4]. Produce a picture. It might appear glaringly evident that a representation needs to create a picture, yet that isn't generally so clear. Likewise, the visual must be the essential methods for correspondence, different modalities can just give extra data. On the off chance that the picture is just a little piece of the procedure, it isn't visualization[5]. Idea Map idea map is a chart that portrays proposed connections between ideas. An idea map regularly speaks to thoughts and data as boxes or circles, which it associates with named bolts in a descending expanding various leveled structure. Idea maps are an approach to create coherent reasoning and study aptitudes by uncovering associations and helping understudies perceive how singular thoughts structure a bigger entirety. Idea maps were created to improve important learning in technical disciplines. A very much made idea map develops inside a setting outline characterized by an express center inquiry, while a brain map regularly has just branches transmitting out from a focal picture[6]. Idea Map History Idea Maps (CM) were presented by Joseph Novak as an approach to survey childrens comprehension of science with graphical devices to arrange and speak to information (Novak Gowin, 1984)[7]. In a CM, ideas are spoken to in boxes that are connected by marked connections; two related ideas (counting their connection) structure a suggestion or semantic unit. Ideas are likewise orchestrated progressively with the end goal that increasingly broad ideas are found higher on the guide and explicit ideas, for example, models are found lower. Novak characterizes an idea as an apparent consistency in occasions or items, or records of occasions or articles assigned by a mark. An idea without anyone else doesn't give meaning, however when two ideas are associated utilizing connecting words or expressions, they structure a significant recommendation. Figure 2.1 Concept Map Using Tools Kuo-En Chang et.al.,[8] have built up the Effect of Concept Mapping to Enhance Text Comprehension and Summarization. Realistic methodologies, for example, realistic coordinators and information maps, have demonstrated accommodating for text learning, certain significant application issues, for example, surface handling and intellectual over-burden still can't seem to be settled. The creators tried the learning impacts of an idea mapping system. They structured three idea mapping approachesâ€map rectification, framework blurring, and map generationâ€to decide their impacts on students’ text cognizance and rundown capacities. The exploratory outcomes demonstrated that the guide rectification strategy improved content understanding and outline capacities and that the framework blurring technique encouraged rundown capacity. Nian-Shing et. al.,[9]. Chan have built up the Mining e-Learning space idea map. Late explores have exhibited the significance of idea guide and its flexible applications particularly in e-Learning. For instance, while structuring versatile learning materials, fashioners need to allude to the idea guide of a subject area. Also, idea maps can show the entire picture and center information about a subject area. Exploration from writing likewise recommends that graphical portrayal of space information can diminish the issues of data over-burden and learning confusion for students. Be that as it may, development of idea maps ordinarily depended upon area specialists previously; it is a tedious and significant expense task. Idea maps creation for rising new spaces, for example, e-Learning is much all the more testing because of its continuous improvement nature. The point of this paper is to develop e-Learning area idea maps from scholarly articles. The writers have received some pertinen t diary articles and meeting papers in e-Learning space as information sources, and applied content mining procedures to naturally develop idea maps for e-Learning area. The developed idea maps can give a helpful reference to scientists, who are new to the e-Leaning field, to examine related issues, for educators to structure versatile learning materials, and for students to comprehend the entire image of e-Learning area information. A framework is created to understand the entire procedure of programmed idea map development for e-Learning space. These procedures are required just a single time for developing idea map database. Clariana .B et, al.,[9] have built up A Computer-Based Approach For Translating Text into Concept Map-Like Representations . Articles, idea maps give a visual and all encompassing method to portray definitive information connections, frequently giving an away from of understudy understanding and most strikingly, featuring understudy misguided judgments. This article presents a PC based methodology that utilizes idea map like Pathfinder arrange portrayals to make visual students’ composed content outlines of organic substance. A product utility called ALA-Reader was utilized to decipher students’ composed content rundowns of the heart and circulatory framework into crude vicinity information, and afterward Pathfinder PCKNOT programming was u

The Indian In The Cupboard Essays - Films, , Term Papers

The Indian In The Cupboard The Indian in the Cupboard During the current months book report I read a book called The Indian in the Cupboard by Lynne Reid Banks. This book was about a kid named Omri and his little Indian toy. For Omris birthday he got a little Indian toy from a companion and a little cabinet from his sibling. Omri put his Indian in the cabinet and amazingly when he opened the pantry the Indian toy had become animated. Omri needs to stay quiet about his Indian because of a paranoid fear of a grown-up discovering. When Omri informed his companion Patrick concerning the toy, Patrick needed his own. Omri thought it was an ill-conceived notion yet breathed life into the toy in any case. When Omri breathed life into Patricks cowhand toy, Patrick was exceptionally energized, yet Omri was apprehensive he didnt realize that they were genuine individuals. Omri concluded he would keep them both at his home. Patrick didn't care for this thought however concurred just if Omri would carry the cattle rustler and Indian to class the following day. At that point all the difficulty began. Patrick and Omri were called into the superintendents office and the director took steps to call Patricks father in the event that he didnt mention to him what was happening. Patrick was reluctant to the point that he indicated the dean the Indian and the other toy. Fortunately the director thought he was seeing things thus he returned home. Omri concluded that the Indian was a lot of difficulty and that he should place them into plastic once more. So Omri secured the Indian in the organizer and when he opened it once more, the toy was plastic once more. I thought this book had a pleasant plot. The book was exceptionally intriguing and energizing because of the imaginary plot. I ponder something that would never occur, all things considered, consistently is all the more intriguing and pulls in more perusers. The writer depicted things well in this book, yet this book was somewhat simple to peruse in light of the fact that she didnt utilize troublesome words. This occasionally would not take into consideration you to know precisely how she implied for things to show up. The setting of this story is in advanced England. The book didn't generally depict what timeframe it should be, yet it appeared to be moderately current. I think the book was set in a respectably measured town, in light of the fact that Omri strolled to class ordinary, and in the event that it were a major city this would be an unthinkable errand for a little fellow. The setting wasnt essential to the book in light of the fact that the majority of the story was about individuals and not really their condition. There were numerous characters in this book. The fundamental character in this book was Omri. Omri was an ordinary little youngster who was keen on playing cowhands and Indians, and different games that way. His companion, Patrick, was keen on very similar things, yet Patrick wasnt as pleasant and he was somewhat bossy and pushy. He constrained Omri into making a live toy for him. Omri had a sibling named Adiel. Adiel didnt like Omri that much and one time in the story he covered up Omris organizer since he thought Omri had taken his football shorts. Another character in this book was the director. The dean was an extremely exacting individual, however he wasnt horrible. The creator didnt depict the characters all around ok, which made it difficult to comprehend the characters character, yet I imagine that you could expect what a character resembled by the manner in which they were acting. I could identify with how Omri felt when he had his companion forcing him into accomplishing something he didnt need to do. The creator portrayed the characters emotions well overall. I imagine that the primary clash in this book was Omri attempting to stay quiet about this Indian. I think this on the grounds that during the book it was consistently Omris primary objective; it was one motivation behind why Omri didnt need to make a live toy for Patrick. At long last, Omri stayed quiet about the Indian, however he wound up surrendering in light of the fact that he secured the Indian back in the pantry and made him plastic once more. This was a decent book, yet it wouldve been

Writing Without Tears: Using Paper Dolls For Sale

Writing Without Tears: Using Paper Dolls For SaleWhen writing without tears paper dolls for sale, you might just like the idea of having them right there in front of you. You can use them as a place to catch your breath and relax, and perhaps read a good book.With paper dolls for sale you have a multitude of choices. You can purchase a plain 'What If' doll, or purchase a fantasy/paranormal character that you choose. With some of the prices you can get a whole range of paper dolls that are truly one of a kind.Paper dolls for sale come in many shapes and sizes, all different heights, colors, and qualities. There are animals, animals and more animals, fantasy characters, cute or not, and many more things besides. These paper dolls make great paper projects, too.When you have a variety of different items to work with, it can be challenging to come up with something that is really one of a kind. The good news is, there are several options for you to choose from, if you want to be able to do so. They are available in all sorts of materials, including high quality cardstock.You can also find paper that is laminated and has more colors and character than just the standard black and white. If you purchase a larger quantity of these paper dolls, you can have them personalized as well.With the many types of paper and the various ways you can personalize them, it's a great way to teach your child's creative juices. You can write down on each one and have them put their names on the back, and once they are finished, you can tear them apart and give them to your children as tokens of their own.Each one of these will certainly make a unique statement to each child, especially if you include embellishments in the writing, such as colorful beads, sequins, or even sequins of glitter. Imagine how much fun they will have when you hand each one out and ask them to name each one? It is going to be a fabulous bonding experience for all of your children.Paper for writing without tears is also great to use when you're decorating a room. Whether you're going to redecorate the kitchen, the dining room, or any other room in your home, you can use paper for projects that are suitable for children, even if they are past the age where they are using crayons. They're still going to love the possibilities that you have with these little writing tools.

Marketing 4Ps - 1874 Words

In today’s multi-faceted business environment, it is generally agreed that a strong customer-driven marketing strategy can give one an edge over his competition. Designing it, however, did not prove to be so straightforward. It is therefore this reflection paper’s aim to ponder over the various aspects that I have found intriguing and glean insights from them. Firstly is the â€Å"Marketing Mix† aspect, specifically the 4 P’s framework – Product, Pricing, Placing Promotion. The 4 P’s is one of the best known frameworks for a marketing plan, of which the aim is ultimately to fulfil a basic marketing purpose – Putting the right product in the right place, at the right price, and at the right time. Getting all aspects of this framework is†¦show more content†¦As for the Placing aspect, the dilemma existed whereby in order to position ourselves as a high street fashion brand, a retail store had to be open at a prime location such as Ion. The rental for such locations, however, would strain our budget even further. To put it in perspective, the rental costs for an Ion level 1 space is $29 per square feet whereas the rental costs for Ang Mo Kio Hub is a mere $19 per square feet. That adds up to almost $40k difference per year for a store of 330 square feet, which is an extremely large sum for a start- up company. We eventually decided that it was worth the risk, but had to make careful budget adjustments to manage our finances. Next issue of interest is the importance of an action plan. Why is an action plan so important? Without an action plan, all we have is a broad strategic plan. Think of it like making a resolution for a new year – you may state that you plan on losing weight, however you do not add in specific details as to how you are going to do it . A concrete action plan ensures that one stays focused and has a clear idea of what to do and when to do it by. The group that did the project â€Å"Fitting Reality† had an impressive action plan which was both detailed and tailored to account for contingencies. That way, should anything go wrong, there would still be plans to fall back onto instead of the whole project being thrown into disarray. AnotherShow MoreRelated4ps of Marketing4239 Words   |  17 PagesPolitical Marketing in India By Prof. Gurinder Singh Ahluwalia GJIMT, Mohali. Abstract Political Marketing has already become a subject of serious study and research in the US and the West but not quite so in India in particular. Political parties prefer to rely on the experts from within the party to design its campaign strategy though advertising is outsourced to the professional advertisers. India’s oldest politicalRead More4ps Marketing8709 Words   |  35 Pages each company and offering must represent a distinctive ________ in the mind of the target market. a. promotion b. cell c. big idea d. ad e. organizational concept Answer: c Page: 309 Level of difficulty: Medium 2. All marketing strategy is built on STP—segmentation, targeting, and ________. a. positioning b. product c. planning d. promotion e. performance Answer: a Page: 310 Level of difficulty: Medium 3. ________ is the act of designing the company’sRead MoreThe 4p Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited1201 Words   |  5 PagesThe 4P s Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited This article, addresses the prime classifications scheme in marketing, the 4P configuration of the marketing mix. The marketing discipline needs a strong classification of the marketing mix, not only to stimulate conceptual integration and purification of the discipline, but also for meaningful measurement of marketing mix efforts and their effects. Also, managers need a clear classification of all instruments at their disposal in orderRead MoreMarketing Mix - 4Ps of Marketing Mix1219 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing mix can be describes as the use and specification of the 4 Ps describing the strategic position of a product in the marketplace†¦ A prominent person to take centre stage was E. Jerome McCarthy in 1960; he proposed a four-P classification which was popularized. (wikipedia.com) The marketing mix approach to marketing is a model of creating and implementing market strategies. The marketing mix stresses the mixing of different factors in a way that both organizational an d consumer or targetRead More How Useful Are the 4Ps to Marketing Managers Today ?804 Words   |  4 PagesMarketing managers use marketing mix as a business tool in marketing. Marketing mix synonymous with the 4Ps which were amended and listed by Eugene McCarthy as Product, Place , Price and Promotion. First of all, Product refers to the product should fit the task the target consumers want it for, it should work , and it should be what the consumers expected to get. For instance, its packaging, labeling and offering. Therefore, this always remind marketing managers need to do careful research on howRead MoreMarketing 4p Plan- Club Med1487 Words   |  6 PagesI. Implementation of marketing mix (4P’s mix) Product: 1) Product Level: The Customer Value Hierarchy Core Benefit: Club Med is an innovative all-inclusive holidays for traveler/family to relax and enjoys carefree getaway and unique experiences with their loved ones. Given travelers/ customers the environment of freedom and happiness, rejuvenate spirits and feel brand new once more. Basic Product: Club Med’s services: When arrive in the airport, Club Med’s G.Os will be waiting thereRead More4P Marketing Mix final Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿MARKETING MIX – CITROËN DS3 Comparison France – China Grà ©goire Duffour - 20140202930 Marketing Mix of the Citroen DS3 in France and China Citroà «n is a French automobile manufacturer. Andrà © Citroà «n founded the company in 1919. The brand has always been known for its cutting-edge technology and, on several occasions, it revolutionized the automotive industry. Citroà «n notably created the â€Å"Traction Avant† in 1934, the utility H, the 2CV, DS, GS, BX, SM, CX or, XM which are all avant-gardeRead MoreThe Expanded Marketing Mix: IKEA - highlights the 4Ps and expanded 7Ps marketing mix1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe Expanded Marketing Mix: IKEA Introduction At any successful company, marketing seeks to connect with customers, serve their needs, and accomplish the stated mission of the organization. A successful marketing process creates value through consumer satisfaction from brand building before the sale to post-sales service and support (Kotler et al, 2001). The marketing strategy process has four primary segments: product, price placement, promotion and people (Kotler et al, 2001). Companies withRead More4ps of Marketing Essay992 Words   |  4 PagesExercise 1: a) Identify any product and explain the 4P’s in the SAVE perspective b) For the product chosen take any two competing brands and compare the net customer delivered value for both of them from your perspective. c) Find a colleague at work, or a friend or family member, and for the same product or any other product that the person is comfortable with (maybe something they want to purchase), help evaluate two competing brands from a net customer delivered value perspective. Read MoreMarketing Strategy 4p on Kotex3887 Words   |  16 Pagesbrands are sold in more than 150 countries. Every day, 1.3 billion people trust Kimberly-Clark products and the solutions they provide to make their lives better. Kotex’s success was more than just a great product, but the result of a clever marketing program as well. 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Indian Removal Act Of 1830 - 868 Words

Indian Removal Act of 1830 The Indian Removal Act was signed into law on May 28th 1930 during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. Perhaps best known as the black eye of the administration and overshadowing his presidency’s accomplishments, the Indian Removal Act was passed into law to allow the president to negotiate with Indians to purchase land they occupied and offer them lands west of the Mississippi. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 could also amount to pure greed and racism, the beginning of the arrogance of Americans in the belief that we deserve to take something just because we want it. Expansion By the early 1800’s with the Constitution firmly in place and the economy recovering, the population was growing. The settlers desire to expand further West and south met many hazards, the largest of which being the Native Americans that occupied those lands. Settlers were eager to raise large cotton and tobacco plantations and Native Americans were seen as an obstacle. The Indian Removal Act was the result of the settlers petitioning the government for more land and protection from the â€Å"Savage Indians† to the south and west in present day Mississippi and Alabama although there were few unprovoked attacks at the time. The need for land to grow more cash crops was all consuming. An argument could be made that President Jackson held a personal grudge against the Natives, According to Parins, J.W. and Littlefield, D.F. (2011) â€Å"He entered the presidency with a single mindedShow MoreRelatedThe Removal Of The Indian Removal Act Of 18301820 Words   |  8 Pages policy of the Government, steadily pursued for nearly thirty years, in relation to the removal of the Indians beyond the white settlements is approaching to a happy consummation. Two important tribes have accepted the provision made for their removal at the last session of Congress, and it is believed that their example will induce the remaining tribes also to seek the same obvious advantages.† (Jackson, 1830) This quote from President Andrew Jackson showed the happiness of the â€Å"white settlers† ofRead MoreIndian Removal Act Of 18301155 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Indian Removal Act of 1830 The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was an act that helped aid the expansion of the United States population into the southernmost states, occupied mainly by Native Americans. The act was a long time coming, especially with President Andrew Jackson, a long-time proponent of Native American removal, at the helm. 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These tribes were the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole. Slave states, following the lead of Missouri who in the 1820s forced its Indian population to leave, saw the opportunity to expand their industry in the fielding of cotton by â€Å"converting Indian soil into slave soil.† That along with the finding of gold and simply the desireRead MoreThe Indian Removal Act Of 1830892 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents are analyzing is; what are the major effects of the Indian Removal Act of 1830? The students will be given several data sets of events that occurred after the act was initiated and draw conclusions and revise their thesis statement as they go. The big idea of this lesson to have students understand the importance of the Indian Removal Act and it is essentially only the beginning of the journey that Indian tribes had to face after the act was initiated. It led to many heartbreaking events thatRead MoreIndian Removal Act Of 1830923 Words   |  4 PagesIt gives me pleasure to announce to Congress . . . the removal of the Indians beyond the white settlements is approaching to a happy consummation† (Jackson, 1830, para.1). With promises of new lands, protection, and monies, President Andrew Jackson portrays the Indian Removal Act of 1830 as beneficial to Indians, wherein governmental financial gain is incidental. However, when considering land transactions and gold discoveries, the true beneficiaries are revealed. While strengthening the States’Read MoreThe Indian Removal Act of 18301123 Words   |  5 PagesTHE INDIAN REMOVAL ACT OF 1830 Migdalia Tuero HIST101: American History to 1877 Professor Kathleen Davis February 13, 2014 There are several historical events and issues that have impacted the contemporary political development among American history. In the history of America one of these groups are the Native Americans. The white man throughout the South called for a removal of the Indian peoples. They wanted the Native Indians to be resettled to the west because their presence createdRead MoreThe Indian Removal Act Of 18301299 Words   |  6 Pageswere many diverse, and complex views when approaching this subject matter; however, in 1830 President Andrew Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act, which forced Indians to relocate from their homelands in south east to land west of the Mississippi river. This granted the U.S. a large portion of new rich land, unfortunately it was at the expense of the Native Americans. When passing the Indian Removal Act of 1830, President Jackson relied on teleological utilitarianism ethnic views, in that he focusedRead MoreIndian Removal Act Of 1830923 Words   |  4 Pagesbut the Cherokee removal was the cruelest work I ever knew†, remarked a Georgia soldier who had participated in the removal of Indian Natives during the mid-1800’s. As a result of the Indian Removal Act, Indian natives have been perceived as mistreated and cheated throughout history. The Indian Removal Act was passed during the presidency of Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830. This act granted authorization to the president to exchange unsettled lands west of Mississippi for Indian lands residing inRead MoreThe Indian Removal Act Of 1830865 Words   |  4 PagesWhen the Indian Removal act of 1830 was enacted, the Cherokee Nation panicked. The Cherokee, specifically the romanticized Tsali, did their best to preserve their culture in the mountains of North Carolina, but what really saved them from their harsh fate that so many other Cherokee faced, was there white chief, William Holland Thomas. The Cherokee were â€Å"disagreeable and dangerous neighbors,† but th ey had a powerful ally in Raleigh, who saved the Eastern Band from a much harsher fate. The Eastern

Voting Based Neural Network Extreme Learning Machine Essay

Extreme learning Machine (ELM) [1] is a single hidden layer feed forward network (SLFN) introduced by G. B. Huang in 2006. In ELM, the weights between input and hidden neurons and the bias for each hidden neuron are assigned randomly. The weight between output neurons and hidden neurons are generated using the Moore Penrose Generalized Inverse [18]. This makes ELM a fast learning classifier. It surmounts various traditional gradient based learning algorithms [1] such as Back Propagation (BP) and well known classifier Support Vector Machine (SVM) . In order to improve the performance various variants of the ELM came over time such as Enhanced Incremental ELM (EI-ELM)[2], Optimal Pruned ELM (OP-ELM) [3], Convex Incremental ELM (CI-ELM)[4],†¦show more content†¦Mainly ensemble pruning [12] approaches are categorized into three types. a). Ordering Based Pruning: In this pruning approach the classifiers are arranged using some criteria and some of the top classifiers are selected as a Pruned Ensemble (PE). Some of the Ordering Based Pruning approaches are as follows: Kappa Pruning [12], Reduce Error Pruning [12], Minimum Distance Minimization Pruning(MDP) [12], Pruning via Individual Contribution Ordering [13], Ensemble Pruning Using Spectral Coefficient [14]. b) Optimization based pruning is a pruning approach which uses evolutionary techniques for pruning such as Genetic Algorithm (GA). A fitness function is genetically optimized to get a subset of classifiers which minimizes the error. Various variants of genetic based ensemble pruning have been proposed such as Genetic Algorithm based Selective Neural Network Ensemble (GASEN) [15], GAB: EPA [16]. Objective of GASEN is to select the best PE and maximize the accuracy of the PE by assigning the best weight to the classifiers of the PE. It uses fitness function, which is function of the generalization error minimized by genetic algorithm. GAB:EPA [16] was proposed for handling multiclass imbalanced data sets, diversity factor was also incorporated in fitness function to improve the performance. c) Cluster Based Pruning Technique: In such type of pruning technique many clusters of the component classifiers are made and fromShow MoreRelatedDecision Tree Induction Clustering Techniques in Sas Enterprise Miner, Spss Clementine, and Ibm Intelligent Miner – a Comparative Analysis6636 Words   |  27 Pagesto choose the most appropriate software for a particular organization. This paper aims to provide a comparative analysis for three popular data mining software tools, which are SAS ® Enterprise Miner, SPSS Clementine, and IBM DB2 ® Intelligent Miner based on four main criteria, which are performance, functionality, usability, and auxiliary Task Support. Keywords: Data mining, classification, decision tree, clustering, software evaluation, SAS Enterprise Miner, SPSS Clementine, IBM Intelligent minerRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCONTENTS: CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY 1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Read MoreFinancial Statements Fraud56771 Words   |  228 PagesCo-Major Professor: Jacqueline L. Reck, Ph.D. Uday S. Murthy, Ph.D. Manish Agrawal, Ph.D. Date of Approval: April 10, 2008 Keywords: Earnings Management, Discretionary Accruals, Unexpected Productivity, Information Markets, Combiner Methods, Machine Learning  © Copyright 2008, Johan L. Perols Dedication To Becca who provided support (in many ways), encouragement and motivation, helped me with my ideas, and believed in me more than I sometimes did; and to family and friends for providing the motivationRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pageswe can improve our creative impact. After surfacing these patterns of action for famous innovative entrepreneurs and executives, we turned our research lens to the less famous but equally capable innovators around the world. We built a survey based on our interviews that taps into the discovery skills of innovative leaders: associating, questioning, observing, networking, and experimenting. To date, we have 100092 00a 001-014 INT r1 go.qxp 5/13/11 9:53 AM Page 4 4 INTRODUCTION Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesinformation storage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—without the written permission of the publisher. Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson

Honey and Mumford Learning Style

Question: Discuss about the Honey and Mumford Learning Style. Answer: Introduction: Learning style refers to a wide range of opposing and challenging theories, which aim to account the variation in the learning systems of an individual. Understanding the learning process gives one the awareness of their preferred learning style, and one can develop their individual learning strategies to overcome the differences between teaching and learning styles. The notion of personalized learning styles has gained worldwide acknowledgment in education and classroom management theories from 1970s. According to Baldwin and Jones 2015, any learning style depends on the emotional, cognitive, and the environmental factors of an individual, as well as the prior experience. It is important for the educators to implement individual strategies for their students. There are several theories on learning styles, amongst those VAK Learning Style and Honey Mumford Learning Style seem to be well established worldwide. One of the most widely accepted learning style is VAK Learning Style, developed by psychologists in 1920s to classify the common ways of learning. Gholami and Bagheri 2013 state that, this learning style uses three major sensory receivers Visual, Auditory and Kinaesthetic to establish the prevailing learning style. Generally, in VAK Learning Style, one or two of these modalities are dominant in the learning process. When a learner chooses the visual mode of learning, he understands and retains new information more accurately, when in the learning process pictures, diagrams, charts etc are presented for instance. A learner with auditory dominant style prefers to listen and understand the new information. He/she responds better in a auditory dominant setting, for instance, in a group discussion or in a lecture. If the student can hear his/her own voice repeating back to the educator, that might be helpful as well. The Kinaesthetic learner prefers the learning process to be dominant wi th physical experiences. He/she will respond best if touching and moving is involved in the learning experience. Amongst the three learning procedures, I prefer the kinaesthetic learning, because I respond better while there are few activities involved in the learning process. While listening to lectures, I take notes; while reading I like to scan the study material first, then to focus on the details about the rest. I also like to learn innovative skills if I can get physically involved, like other kinaesthetic learners. I prefer assembling things and understanding the procedure, rather than looking at a chart and read, the theoretical approaches. However, there are some advantages and disadvantages of this particular learning process. The foremost advantage of the learning procedure is that, there are few situations, where the educator has to follow the hand-on learning, such as trying to train a teenager riding a bicycle. Apart from that, according to Schmeck 2013, the kinaesthetic learning process allows the learners to observe and understand the practical methods, which enhances the learning procedure. Nevertheless, this has also been proven insignificant while the students are trying to learn complex theoretical subjects. If a student wants to obtain high grades in school, there is no other way than reading and writing. Another learning style, Honey Mumford Style, was developed on the work of Kolb, and four distinct learning styles were identified, such as, Activist, Theorist, Pragmatist and Reflector. Activists are those who like to learn things by doing it. They have an open-minded approach and like to brainstorm while learning. The theorists are those people, who like to know the theories behind the actions. They learn by models, diagrams, and statistics and prefer to analyse them. Pragmatists prefer to learn by putting the theories into the practical world. They try to experiment and try new ideas. The reflectors are those, who learn by observing and understanding the experiences. They also prefer to view experiences from numbers of perspectives by collecting data from primary and secondary sources (Manolis et al. 2013). My learning style is reflector, because I follow the careful way of thinking to understand and learn things. I choose to consider all the implications first. In fact, I prefer to observe others talking in the meetings and get a drift about the context to conclude. Just like other styles, this learning procedure also has few advantages and drawbacks. The style raises questions in the mind of the learner and helps them to come up with new ideas, but at the same time, they tend to wait a lot before starting the work and easily distracted. Several theories of learning style have been criticised by many scholars, some of them even questioned the scientific base of the theories. However, many educators have shown that different learning styles have worked in their classroom environment, though if a student wants to score well in his career, he has to follow a combination of different learning styles to enhance their knowledge. Reference List Baldwin, S. and Jones, S., 2015, May. Matching Teaching Style To Learning Style In Higher Education: The Beneficial Impact On University Students' Academic Performance. InELSIN 2015. Schmeck, R.R. ed., 2013.Learning strategies and learning styles. Springer Science Business Media. Gholami, S. and Bagheri, M.S., 2013. Relationship between VAK learning styles and problem solving styles regarding gender and students' fields of study.Journal of Language Teaching and Research,4(4), pp.700-706. Manolis, C., Burns, D.J., Assudani, R. and Chinta, R., 2013. Assessing experiential learning styles: A methodological reconstruction and validation of the Kolb Learning Style Inventory.Learning and Individual Differences,23, pp.44-52.

A Book report on Celia, A Slave essays

A Book report on Celia, A Slave essays Celia, A Slave by Melton A. McLaurin In the book Celia, A Slave by Melton A. McLaurin, the accounts of one womans life are bound together in a vivid way to relay the circumstances surrounding a female slaves cruel life. The life of this woman named Celia was filled with acts of molestation, rape, murder, and eventual execution. Through the use of court records, correspondences, and newspaper accounts, the author delineated in chronological order the life of Celia: from her purchase by Robert Newsom to her execution on December 21, 1855. When Robert Newsom bought Celia from an unnamed person, the first night that he spent with her he raped Celia. This act was repeated numerously throughout the next five years. It is told to the reader that Celia almost certainly was purchased to replace Newsoms wife who had died months earlier. After years of sexual torment and abuse, Celia killed her master and burned his body to avoid being caught. However, she was caught, tried, and executed for her crime. This of course was not the whole story. Many factors come into play when explaining why Celia murdered Robert Newsom and determining the right course of action for her punishment. The factors influencing Celias behavior can be attributed to the years of rape sustained by Celia. In addition to the emotional instability that encourages Celia to murder Newsom is the ultimatum given by Celias lover, George, to quit the old man (30) or risk losing him as a companion. Also, many people had the opportunity to stand up for Celia and stop the abuse, but for personal reasons, those who knew of the crimes chose to remain quiet. All of these factors have the same thing in common: they each present a person or persons dealing with their own personal dilemmas. In the case of Celia, she could stand up to her master and face physical and emotional punishment and possibly death. It was a choice for h...

Music of the Lost Prophets essays

Music of the Lost Prophets essays Lost Prophet has been experiencing a meteoric rise to stardom in recent years due to an underground music craze following the lack of real metal music within the music industry. Many fans of old style metal bands such as Metalica wanted to move on a modern update on metal music and this led to the emergence of nu-metal. The Lost Prophets play within this genre by combining the influences of punk music with metal to create a very unique blend. The blending of heavy metal with punk vocal and lyrics characterize this type of music. It is not nearly as powerful as traditional metal because the vocals for Lost Prophet are nearly as prominent as other aspects of the music. Nu-metal originally started as an underground movement in Great Britain, and Lost Prophet is considered one of its early pioneers. They emerged onto the music scene in early 2000 and soon gained an audience with fans of Metalica by playing in mostly local stages. The acceptance of nu-metal in America has been rela tively slow, but because punk is so prominent in the music scene many fans have both genres have turned to nu-metal as their music genre of choice. Lost Prophet has been able to stick to their brand of music by playing with many different artists and through their endorsement by Columbia Records. They have made nu-metal the new trend in metal music especially in Great Britain. They are viewed now as a household name, and take a very important role in both Ozzfest and Leeds festivals, which is the traditional music arena for metal bands. The leader and front man for the Lost Prophet is Ian Watkins who is the vocalist for the band. He lived in Pontypridd, where he and several of his band members grew up. This is a very remote ex-mining town in the Welsh Valleys. Originally Ian was a drummer who focused on playing for metal bands in the late 1990s. His first band was called Public Disturban...

Equity and Trusts Assignment 3 England and Wales Essay

Equity and Trusts Assignment 3 England and Wales - Essay Example The wishes contained in Vera’s will upon her death amounted to issues relating to equity and trusts law. Actually, it relates to charitable trusts. Under the Charitable Act 2006, Vera’s wish as contained in her will is considered as charitable gifts. These gifts can be defined as gifts that are given by either the legal or physical person to benefit a particular cause, often known as charitable purposes. Most charitable givers, like Vera, mostly employ the services of executors and trustees to execute their charitable cause. Executors and trustees are the people who have fiduciary duty of property administration, a duty which they should discharge in consistence with testator’s wishes (as expressed in his or her will) (Dollimore, 2007, p. 56). The law requires that the validity of the charitable gifts be ascertained. Therefore, executors and trustees should be conversant with the criterion of determining such validity. Determination of validity of the provisions contained in a testator’s will is crucial in ensuring that such wishes meet the legal threshold. It is against this background that it is important to determine the validity of Vera’s wishes. In her will, Vera gave all her property to her executors and trustees upon trust to sell the same and to hold the proceeds of sale as a trust fund upon trust in two halves. The first half was aimed at promoting research into the theory that the pyramids were built by aliens from another world. According to Edwards and Nigel (2007, p. 71), under the Charities Act 2006, this is considered as a valid cause because its main purpose is to promote education. Education as a charitable purpose is founded on Charitable Uses Act 1601 and has been further expanded under the Charities Act 2006. Over the years, the common law has recognized education as a charitable purpose that covers a wide area. The education category includes

Oral History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Oral History - Term Paper Example After Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait on august 2nd 1990, the United Nations Security Council responded by calling for Iraq’s withdrawal from Kuwait on August 3rd. After Iraq had failed to comply with the United Nation’s Security Council directives, the board responded on august 6 the same year through imposing a worldwide ban relating to trade with Iraq. Iraq failed to relent on its objective or hinder to the warnings imposed and on august 8, the same year, it formally annexed Kuwait. The invasion of Iraq and subsequent threat it posed Saudi Arabia, considering it as the world largest oil producer, prompted the United States (U.S) as well as western European allies to send troops to Saudi Arabia with an aim of deterring any possible attack. Other Arab nations among them Egypt, contributed by sending forces to the region. The military build up gained from the U.S, its western allies and other countries won a name operation desert shield (Gregory, 2010). After these cou ntries had ganged to defend other nations from the arrogant behaviours shown by Iraq, Iraq strengthened its military base in Kuwait through increasing the number of military to almost thirty thousand troops. The UN Security Council declared an offensive action against Iraq on 29th November if Iraq will not withdraw its forces from Kuwait by mid-January 1991. On 16nth January, 1991, the allied forces began a military offensive against Iraq with the U.S leading a massive air campaign that lasted throughout the war. Continued attacks remained the order of the day with sustained aerial bombardments regarded as Operation Desert Storm. Within the first few weeks, the aerial attacks and adequate ground cover became successful in destroying Iraq’s air defences and consequently launching attacks on communications networks, weapon plants and government offices among other essential structures of the Iraq’s government. By mid-February, the focus of the attacks

Diffusion Coefficient Apparatus Essay Example for Free

Diffusion Coefficient Apparatus Essay General Start-up Procedure: ïÆ'Ëœ Prior to running an experiment, students are advised to perform the following startup procedure. ïÆ'Ëœ Fill the water with clean (preferably filtered) water to approximately 20 mm from the top. ïÆ'Ëœ Plug the main cable to the electrical supply. Be sure that the voltage of the supply is correct to suite the equipment. ïÆ'Ëœ Switch on the main power on the control panel. ïÆ'Ëœ Adjust the set-point value on the temperature controller to 500C. Warning!! Do not set the temperature controller beyond 700C. Switch on the heater. Observe the water temperature heats up to 50 0C and remain constant. The equipment is now ready for experiment. Priming procedure for capillary Tube: Before using the capillary tube in an experiment using acetone, students are advised to clean the inside of the tube. ïÆ'Ëœ Prepare a weak solution of detergent. ïÆ'Ëœ Use the Hirschman pipette to fill the tube with the solution. Tapping the of side of the tube may be necessary if the solution is trapped and does not flow down. ïÆ'Ëœ Turn the tube upside-down and shake. Empty the tube. ïÆ'Ëœ Repeat steps 2 to 3 with acetone. ïÆ'Ëœ The tube is now ready for student experiment. General Shut-down Procedure: ïÆ'Ëœ After the completion of an experiment, students are advised to shut down the equipment as follows: ïÆ'Ëœ Switch off the heater and air pump. ïÆ'Ëœ Adjust the set-point value of the temperature controller to approximately 5 degree below the room temperature. ïÆ'Ëœ Allow the water to cool down until it is safe to touch. Open the drain valve and empty the water tank. ïÆ'Ëœ Detach the flexible tubing and clean the capillary tube for next use. (Refer to priming procedure) ïÆ'Ëœ Switch off the main power. Unplug the main cable if the equipment will not be used for a long period. EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVE: To determine gas diffusion coefficient of acetone using the established Winkelmann’s method. Procedure: 1. Perform the start-up procedure. 2. Partially fill the capillary tube with acetone to a depth of about 35 mm. 3. Carefully insert the capillary tube through the fitting on the top of the water bath cover. Do not over-tighten the fitting. 4. Observe the initial level of acetone through the telescope. Record the level of acetone. 5. Connect the flexible tubing from the air pump line to one end of the capillary tube. Switch on the air pump. 6. After 30 minutes, switch off the air pump. Disconnect the flexible tubing and close the two capillary tubes ends with the cap provided. Observe and record the level of acetone. 7. Repeat steps 4 to 6 at 30 minutes intervals. ANALYSIS DISCUSSION: Plot t/ (L-L0) against (L-L0).Determine gas diffusivity, D from the obtained slope, S. Compare the experimental value with the theoretical value that can be predicted from empirical equations (e.g. modified Maxwell’s equation by Gilliland).

Analysis of Columbia’s Final Mission Essay -- Case Study, Case Analys

Putting yourself in the shoes of the managers or engineers in the case (Ron Dittemore, Linda Ham, Don McCormack, Rodney Rocha, Pamela Madera, Calvin Schomburg), consider the following questions? †¢ What prior assumptions and beliefs shaped the way that you thought and behaved during the Columbia mission? †¢ What pressures affected your behavior? Where did these pressures originate? †¢ In what ways did the culture impact your actions? †¢ If you were in that person’s shoes during the Columbia mission, would you have behaved differently? Why or why not? a) Rodney Rocha Rodney Rocha is a NASA engineer and co-chair of Debris Assessment Team (DTS). When possibility of wing damage appeared he requested an additional imagery to obtain more information in order to evaluate the damage. This demonstrates that he actually tried to resolve the issue. However, due to absence of clear organizational responsibilities in NASA those images were never received. Since foam issue was there for years and risk for the flights was estimated as low management decided not to proceed with this request. After learning of management decision Rocha wrote an e-mail there he stated that foam damage could carry grave hazard and have to be addressed. At the same time this e-mail was not send to the management team. Organizational culture at NASA could be described as highly bureaucratic with operations under standard procedures only. Low-end employees like Rocha are afraid to bring any safety-related issues to the management due to delay of the mission. They can be punished for bringing â€Å"bad news†. This type of relationship makes it impossible for two-way communication between engineers and managers, which are crucial for decision-making in complex env... ... Integration, accepted risk of foam problem based on previous observations. She preferred one-way communication and did not pay attention to the specialist (Rocha) opinion for requests for additional imagery. Culture at NASA was converted over time to a culture that combines bureaucratic, cost efficiency and schedule efficiency of the flights. This culture of production reinforced the decisions to continue flights rather than delay while a thorough hazard analysis was conducted. Managers were so focused on reaching their schedule targets that the foam insulation problem did not induce them to shift their attention to safety. It appears that at NASA managers overrule engineers when the organization was under budget and time pressure. In my opinion, high-level managers should avoid making important decisions based on beliefs and instead rely on specialist’s opinion.

Ford Pinto

In 1968 Lee Iacocca and the Ford Motor Company wanted to produce a inexpensive vehicle to appeal to the first time buyers market. Mr. Iacocca philosophy was for consumers to remember Ford as the very first vehicle that they owned so that when it was time for them to invest in another vehicle it would be a Ford. But, in order for Ford to develop a inexpensive vehicle to fit the philosophy of Lee Iacocca, they had to cut corners. Unfortunately, the one corner they cut was the placement of the fuel tank, causing catastrophic failure in rear end collisions resulting in loss of life, serious injury, or burned out vehicles. Daniel Boyce, author of The Ford Pinto Cade Information, cuts to the chase, â€Å"The Ford Pinto is known to be one of the most dangerous cars produced in automotive history due to several serious design flaws† (Boyce). This is a crucial statement that can affect the reputation of a company and have serious consequences financially. If it was my ultimate decision to either engage in a recall or to settle the cases in which injury occurred I would have to choose the decision to recall. Not only would that decision be the correct ethical decision in my mind, it would be a decision, one that would have been very costly, that would have saved the reputation of Ford Motor Company and would have paid off with future sales. There are two different stakeholders in this situation. The first and most important in my opinion would be the consumer, those buying the Ford Pinto. The second stakeholder would be the investors, stockholders, of Ford Motor Company. My decision to recall the Pinto, spending $11 per vehicle for a total of $121 million, would be to benefit the life of those that had purchased the vehicle. Those individuals that had put trust in the Ford Motor Company to develop a safe and reliable product have more value than that of a dollar figure. Though my decision to recall might not sit right with the investors of Ford Motor Company, in my opinion it is the moral and ethical decision that could pay off financially in the future. Pay the $121 million now, fix the 11 million Pinot’s that are out on the streets, establish a reputation of doing what is right for the safety and well being of your consumers, and the sales of your future vehicles would drastically improve. To have a reputation that Ford cares more about the bottom line than the consumers that purchase their products, that human life has no value, can be detrimental to the future sales of Ford products. With my decision to recall obviously the immediate inancial impact of Ford Motor Company would be significant, $121 million to be exact. In my opinion, this initial investment of fixing the Pinto will bring bigger profits to Ford Motor Company in the future. Andrew Bouman wrote an article regarding the Ford Pinto and addressed future car sales, â€Å"When people are purchasing vehicles now days they still think back to the ford pinto and think that hopefully this same issue isn't going to happen with this car. This has affected the sales of F ord vehicles† (Bouman, 2009)†. Other car manufactures have had safety issues and the company chose to fix the problem, putting human life in front of the bottom line. This philosophy has been successful for other automobile manufactures, a philosophy Ford should have followed. Bouman goes on to say, â€Å"If ford would have thought about their future they definitely would have spent the money to fix each one of the vehicles and then their sales would be doing a lot better today and they would not have lost as much money† (Bouman, 2009). The question Ford Motor Company had to deal with was; does the human life have a value? Their decision to place a $200,000 figure for each individual that was negatively affected by the Pinto tells me that Ford placed a dollar value on human life. Michael Zimmerman writes, â€Å"The intrinsic value of something is said to be the value that that thing has â€Å"in itself,† or â€Å"for its own sake,† or â€Å"as such,† or â€Å"in its own right† (Zimmerman, 2002). We are talking life; a value in itself, a value for its own sake, and a value in its own right. Ford was talking value of life that would affect them, Ford motor Company, not the life of the consumer. The instrumental value is the value of the object, and in this situation the object is the human life. Ford Motor Company valued the human life at $200,000; this dollar figure was a life value that benefitted Ford Motor Company, not those that purchased Ford Motor Company products. But does human value have a monetary price associated with it? In my opinion no; there is no dollar figure that can be substituted for life. But life does have a value, a purpose, a stake, but it is just not financially connected. I think that with human life the intrinsic and instrumental values are connected, not separated. The human life has value in itself, has value for the individual; but it also has a value as an object, it has a purpose and stake what happens within the future, it just doesn’t have a dollar figure attached to it. Stanley Riukas explains, in an article discussing intrinsic and instrumental value, inherent and instrumental values are inseparably connected, that they are strictly parallel as regards their quantity, quality and other characteristics, that they are reversible, and that their richness determines the richness of human life† (Riukas). The richness of human life places the instrumental value upon it. In conclusion, the decision I would have made in regards to the defective design of Ford Motor Company’s Pinto would have been drastically different than that of Lee Iacocc a. I would have placed the value of human life over the value of the company. In my opinion this decision would have financially benefited Ford Motor Company in the future. A reputation of doing what is best for the consumer rather than what is best for the company has a direct impact on the success of the company in the future, Making the initial investment of $121 million would have gone farther that having the reputation of putting life second and the thought of unreliable vehicles manufactured by Ford Motor Company in the minds of all consumers. References Andrew Bouman. (October 14, 2009). The Ford Pinto. In Ezine Articles. Retrieved July 7, 2013, from http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Ford-Pinto;id=3044629. Daniel Boyce. (n.d.). The Ford Pinto Case Information. In The Ford Pinto Case. Retrieved July 7, 2013, from http://fordpintoethics.webs.com/. Stanley Riukas. (n.d.). Inherent and Instrumental Values in Ethics. In The Paideia Project On-Line. Retrieved July 7, 2013, from http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Valu/ValuRiuk.htm. Zimmerman, Michael J. (October 22, 2002). Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Value. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2010 Edition). Retrieved July 7, 2013, from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-intrinsic-extrinsic/#WhaHasIntVal.

Essay on An Analysis of Qualitative Research Methods

An Analysis of Qualitative Research Methods Qualitative political and historical researchers seek to analyze social or political phenomena from multiple perspectives in order to gain an in-depth understanding of their research topic, as well as insight into the broader scope of their disciplines. They accomplish these goals by using case-specific methods that are designed to generate knowledge and yet are limiting in that same area. Because of their selectively designed character, each of these methods will neither generate a multi-dimensional analysis of a given research topic, nor address the serious validity issues often associated with qualitative research. Nonetheless, they are productive approaches for evaluating the†¦show more content†¦Essentially, the method itself is a process that is tailored to accomplish specific research goals, which include generating a specific type of understanding of a given state of affairs. Depending on the type of understanding desired, researchers may adopt particular methodologi cal positions which establish how they go about studying a phenomenon (Seale, 328). The design of each of these methods is to be distinguished from quantitative models, which are usually founded on statistical and rigorous mathematical paradigms. In contrast, qualitative researchers-especially in history and political science-often engage in descriptive research, which involves broader concepts of design and less math. Harrison (2001) writes, qualitative research tends to focus on exploring, in as much detail as possible, smaller numbers of instances [than quantitative designs] or examples which are seen as being interesting or illuminating, and aims to achieve depth rather than breadth (Harrison, 74). 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