Pedro Paramo Essay Example for Free

Pedro Paramo EssayThe novel Pedro Paramo is closely a junior man who loses his pay bear out and decides to take a journey to a ghost t testifyshipsfolk called Comala to square off his aim, but instead dies of fear and finds out his father is dead. A substitution fundament that runs through Juan Rulfos Pedro Paramo is the nature of hope and despair in a persons life, which Rulfo demonstrates by Pedro Paramos love for Susana, Juan Preciados journey to Comala for his father, and Susana San Juans desire for her dead person economize. Rulfo exhibits Pedro Paramos hope for a future with Susana as a sometimes- ositive nature followed by the negative nature of despair he experiences from her demise. Pedro duologue about how he has hoped Susana would return to him after many years of being g angiotensin-converting enzyme since they were children I waited thirty years for you to return, Susana. I wanted to have it all. not just part of it, but everything there was to have, to the point that there would be nothing left for us to want, no desire but your wishes (Rulfo 82).Pedro has been persistent about Susanas return after a long thirty years. He has loved for Susana since their childhood when they flew kites to consumeher, and thinks she will bang to ove him upon her return. He went through all the disoblige to gain power and land out of the hope that Susana would return and he could meet any request she wished. Pedro is talking to Don Fulgor about the plan to get rid of Susanas father Bartolome San Juan We need it to be so. She must be left without family. Were called on to look after those in need.You agree with that, wear offt you (Rolfo 85)? Pedro still hopes that Susana will realize she needs to return to him and come to love him. He believes that it will be easier for her to realize this once Don Fulgor as an order kills her father in the mines. Once he is alone with Susana he plans to comfort her now that her father is not with her or a distra ction anymore. Pedro is depleted because Susana has just died I will cross my arms and Comala will die of hunger. (Rulfo 117) Pedro is mainly port rayed as a selfish man, but not when it comes to Susana. accord to Dorotea Pedro really did love Susana and wanted the best for her. When she died he lost it, he plummeted into depression and did not speak to anyone, because Susana meant the most to him. He promised vengeance on the town of Comala for not caring enough about Susanas death. He choose to sit down and watch Comala collapse, because no money would circulate through the town since he owned all of it. The character Juan is like Pedro because he based his choice to go on a journey on a ray of hope only to fall into the shadows of despair.Rulfo displays Juan Preciados search for his father in Comala is based on hope of finding answers to his questions about his father, but is greeted with melancholy news. Juans mother Doloritas has just died and she had asked him to go to Comal a and make Pedro pay them back for not being there to be a husband or father exactly before I knew it y head began to swim with fancys and my imagination took flight. Little by Little I began to build a world around a hope centered of the man called Pedro Paramo, the man who had been my mothers husband.That was why I had come to Comala (Rulfo 3). Juans mother wanted him to go to Comala to get what he deserves from Pedro and receive payback, but Juan quickly changed his mind about why he was going to Comala. Juan has never settlen his father so he is quite ecstatic to see who Pedro is and what he looks like. Juan hopes that he will arrive in Comala to find his father Pedro and start a ew life for himself, and that they will develop a father and son relationship. Juan has received some disappointing information about his father from Abundio You were mistaken about the house.You told me the wrong place. You sent me south of nowhere, to an abandoned village. Looking for person whos no longer alive (Rulfo 8). Juan is speaking to his mother aloud out of anger about why she sent him to a ghost town to look for someone who is not alive anymore. Abundio had told Juan that Pedro was dead and that he represented living bile to him. Juan has been stripped of any hope he had about is plans to find his father Pedro and answer any questions. Juan is dead and is in a coffin talking with Dorotea Youd have done better to stay home.Why did you come here? I told you that at the very beginning. I came her to find Pedro Paramo, who they say was my father. Hope brought me here (Rulfo 60). Juan reminds Dorotea that he came to Comala to find his father mainly because he had hope. It is tragic how Juan dies out of fear and without any hope but sorrow. Juan died with despair seeing that his father Pedro was a horrible man and a dead man. Juan has lost his own life and everyone close o him, just like Susana who has lost her lover and father only to loose her own life shortly after.R ulfo demonstrates that Susana San Juan hopes to reunite with her departed husband due to her craziness, and that once she figures out he is dead she does not know how to live without him. Susana is in her home dreaming about her deceased husband Florencio And what I want is his automobile trunk. Naked and hot with love boiling with desire stroking my trembling breast and arms. My transparent body suspended from his. My lustful body held and released by his strength (Rulfo 100-101). Upon her return to Pedro Susana persistently hopes that her dead husband will return to her.She believes this because she was driven crazy by a series of grave robbings with her father at a young age. She hopes for his return so much that she often has intense dreams with detailed memories of her lover. Susana is in her bed thinking about her dream she just had What shall I do now with my lips without his lips to cover them? What shall become of my poor lips (Rulfo 101)? Susana has now realized that her deceased husband Florencio will never come back to life. She has suddenly lost all of her hope and is now filled with espair and fear of what will come.She never plans on being with Pedro and worries about what will happen to her lips since her deceased husband is the only one she wanted kissing her lips. Pedro is thinking about Susana in his thoughts while she is sleeping But what world was Susana San Juan living in? That was one of the things Pedro Paramo would never know (Rulfo 95). Susana might live in the normal world but does not act like it, because she has crazy thoughts and dreams. Pedro will never know what is going on with Susana. She is always thinking about her dead husband because she lives in denial and is on Fantasy Island.The novel Pedro Paramo was about a young man who lost his mother and decided to take a journey to a ghost town called Comala to find his father, but instead died of fear and erect out his father was dead. Juan Rulfo used the concept of the nature of hope and despair in a persons life as a central theme for Pedro Paramo, and demonstrated it by using Pedro Paramos love for Susana, Juan Preciados journey to Comala for his father, and Susana San Juans desire for her past husband. Rulfos novel Pedro Paramo is an insightful pedigree of how quickly a persons hope can be taken and turned into despair.

Street Gangs Essay Example for Free

Street Gangs EssayAnother risk factor involves domestic ferocity at home for these young people. If they atomic number 18nt getting enough attention and instead been getting enough beating from their families, these young people would rather be with guys from the gang up rather than stay at home. More and more of these youths are being driven away from their families and towards the company of strangers because of the violence that they experience from their own families (Parco, 2008). If they are unable to feel safe at home, then surely they would feel safer anywhere else. Another risk factor would be the media that glorifies violence.Everywhere you turn, you see advertisements and movies astir(predicate) people killing other people, or people stealing from other people and getting away with it. If these are the things that the youth are being unresolved to, then there is the likelihood of them wanting to be just like these hoodlums, these crooks who earn big money from do ing bad things (Killian, 2007). With the existence of these factors, have-to doe with individuals, especially the parents should be able to see the signs of their children possibly joining these gangs. But another risk factor arises when the parents are in denial of the gang problem.If they dont crack up much attention and focus to it, then their children whitethorn likely be the next gang members. If these parents neglect the signs, they would often overlook anything that may be leftover or weird with their childrens actions. Its better to be mindful of these hints, or else these children may all end up in gangs and be involved in gang related troubles. Another risk factor would involve the community. This is about the lack of adequate community youth support systems, which is essential in addressing the call for of the youth so that they wont go towards the way of the gangs.Without adequate community support, more and more young people would opt to join gangs as they have no o ther means of recreation in their spare time. With much unsupervised time, the more these youth would be involved in small crimes that could be blown to unmanageable proportions. It is best that these risk factors be properly interpreted and addressed if we wouldnt want our children to join these street gangs. This is because there is everlastingly danger associated with being a member of these gangs. No matter what benefit a member gets from joining, there is always a corresponding danger with his connector to these people.Gangs often have access to firearms and illicit drugs, consequently exposing the young ones to the dangers of both elements. Fights between rival gangs are not limited to fistfights, but instead they great deal get seriously hurt or killed because of the guns that some of them posses (ClevelandClinic. org, 2008). Gangs view schools as a negative element, so they may influence their members not to go to school, thus hampering education for them. With police r ecords filing up for the members of the gang, the more their future become blurred.These police records limit future employment opportunities for these people, leaving them with minimum wage earning jobs that they notify work into. Gang wars and fights between members of gangs also put their families and friends in danger, as they often become an easy target for their enemies. There are several signs that parents and concerned people fuck look into in order to know whether one is a member of a gang or not. This includes a sudden origin in the academic performance of the child, as well as an increasing disinterest in school.Another sign is the withdrawal of the person from their usual family activities. They can also be heard using unknown vocabulary and peculiar clothing style or choice. They could also have a sudden heighten in friends and usual company. Weird hand signs are also evident, as well as having a new nickname. These people also tend to turn bad attitude towards oth er people especially to the family and authorities. Aside from staying out later than usual, they also tend to require more privacy for themselves even in their homes with their families (Boone, 2007).The information regarding gangs can be put to good use by deciding what approach would be more applicable to a person who may be associated to a certain gang. This could also be used to plan an intervention measure in order to save someone from the harshness of the gang world.ReferencesBoone, D. (2007). Why Do Kids unification Street Gangs. Retrieved phratry 9, 2008, from http//www. gwcinc. com/Why%20Do%20Kids%20Join%20Street%20Gangs. html ClevelandClinic. org. (2008). Gangs and Violence Retrieved September 9, 2008, from http//my. clevelandclinic.org/healthy_living/violence/hic_Gangs_and_Violence. aspx FocusAS. com. (2007). Why Do Young People Join Gangs?Retrieved September 9, 2008, from http//www. focusas. com/Gangs. html Killian, J. (2007). Why do kids join gangs? Retrieved Septemb er 9, 2008, from http//www. news-record. com/content/2007/08/26/article/why_do_kids_join_gangs Parco, B. (2008). Lack of affection, attention, fun push youth to join gangs Retrieved September 9, 2008, from http//globalnation. inquirer. net/cebudailynews/news/view/20080316-125016/Lack-of-affection-attention-fun-push-youth-to-join-gangs

The Issue Of The Kalabagh Dam Environmental Sciences Essay

The Issue Of The Kalabagh Dam Environmental Sciences EssayPakistan has faced nix crisis businesss from the start but they were very mild and were being dealt with very good. It was non until the 1990s that the problem of the get-up-and-go crisis started to get serious due to the rise in the demand for it. Dams provoke be defined as fence which stops the water or upstream rivers. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ obstruct)The main purpose of any impede is to confirm hold of water. Dams can in addition be used to collect water or can be used in localise to store water, in order to equally distribute between different areas. Hydropower is often used in union with dekametres, in order to generate electrical energy.Kalabagh is a small towns plurality in province Punjab located in Mianwali district. Kalabagh was the location which was proposed for edifice the Kalabagh dam, as this place is located on the western side of the river Indus.The main idea of Kalabagh dam was going on fr om decades but once again it was brought up by General Pervez Musharaf, but due to problems and conflicts raised between Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan this issue has tacit not been worked upon. Out of all four provinces, Punjab is the only province which is esteem of building the Kalabagh dam. And Punjab is the strongest of all four provinces, and has centralized goernment legislation. The other three provinces are only against this decision and be possessed of passed undivided resolutions rejecting the get word of building Kalabagh dam. This is be military campaign Baluchistan and Sindh would not benefit often from the Kalabagh project instead they would permit from flush much water shortages.Baluchistan is not directly modify by the building of Kalabagh dam. However, the Sardars of Baluchistan often says that the construction of Kalabagh dam is a way in which the province Punjab result rule over other small provinces. And because of these conflicts a nd disputes, the project is still not been finalized.The opposition groups, who are against the construction of Kalabagh dam, often say that this project will crap very untoward impacts on the environment. Secondly, the construction site which is currently home for thousands and millions of people will become no more(prenominal) available for them.If we have to highlight the major cause of not building the dam, we can with no doubt blame the lack of trust between the Punjab organisation and the other three provinces. The other three provinces have this hatred for Punjab and this could be a result of over intervention of the Pakistan army, which comprises majority of Punjabis and Pathan, all over Pakistan, especially Sindh. other footing for the hatred can be the ethno-nationalists that give rise to the anti-Punjabi sen meternt amongst the public.If the Kalabagh dam project is constructed, then it would be able to have a live terminus capacity of 6.1 million acre feet (MAF). This keep down would make extensive contribution to boost the irrigation supplies. It will not only enhance the intellectual nourishment irrigation for the new projects but it will also increase the additional allotment decided by the provinces under the water apportionment accord (WAA) of 1991.Another major advantage of building kalabagh dam is that it will increase a huge amount of cheap hydropower to the national grid through its 2,400 mw (ultimate 3,600 mw) installed power.Building Kalabagh dam will also replace the storage previously lost by sedimentationation in present reservoirs at Mangla, Chashma and Tarbela. The dam will provide further storage which can be helpful in achieving the present water shortages faced during early Kharif, i.e. the sowing period of April-June. It will also provide efficient directive of Indus River in order to meet the additional Kharif allocations of the provinces under Waa, 1991. Once the dam will be constructed, it will regulate and contro l the high flood rise in Indus and will enable provision of tube well irrigations to the river pelting area in the south. Lastly, talking about the advantages, while the construction process, 30,000 people will be employed during the construction and a large number of people will get jobs after the construction, as maintenance and operators. Thus, boosting Pakistans GDP and moving Pakistan towards economic growth.If the dam is not constructed, than Pakistan will have to face even more severe crisis of high fuel prices. As the yearly energy generated at Kalabagh, if the dam is build would be equal to 20 million pose of oil. If Pakistan imports this amount of fuel for thermal generation, than it would be additional burden on the economy.The national government has taken some measures in order to overcome the load-shedding Pakistan is currently facing. And in order to do this, the government has signed agreement with international private sector of installing over 3,000 mw of thermal power over the coterminous 4 years. This might help in overcoming the load-shedding. However, the power price will increase drastically. As these private electricity companies are very expensive electricity producers. So, Kalabagh hydropower dam would be very cheap in comparison to keep the cost of electricity within affordability of the nation of Pakistan.Literature reviewThe issue of Kalabagh is an vast issue which has resulted in conflicts and arguments between all the provinces of Pakistan. Some of the arguments against the building of the dam include negative environmental and social impacts. The Kalabagh dam has to face extensive run and checking from the world dam commission. So, it is likely that these checks might slow down the construction of the Kalabagh dam. The oppositions to the dam often blame the low trustworthiness of government and its agencies, which includes both federal and provincial government for creating an information gap between the original debate of the Kalabagh dam and the discussions which are done by other parties on this issue.The parties in favor of the dam often argue that the construction of Kalabagh dam will help in meeting the urgent admits of cheap energy and cheap food supply for the speedily growing population.The government of Punjab is trying to construct a dam on a very large scale. This is done in order to generate 3,600 mw electric power, and store 6.1 MAF water. On the other hand, if this dam is constructed, it will have galore(postnominal) adverse effects. The loss caused by constructing this dam will be loss of 182,000 acres of productive land. former(a) than this more people will be displaced from their homes.There is a whole set of reasons that goes against the building of the Kalabagh dam. The first reason is the absence of good governance. The project of Kalabagh dam has mostly faced a lack of governance. The people who are the decision makers of the whole project have to also deal with the society an d their concerns.Due to the side effects that Kalabagh dam would have an alternative plan called the Tarbela action plan has been proposed. This plan is made through the sediment flow simulations made by the computers. The two purposes that these simulations have are, to see if flushing is feasible for estimating storage capacity in the long run and to analyze reservoirs and predict approaching sedimentation. On the results of the above simulation three components have been proposed which should be done in order to build the dam. These include reservoir operating strategy, underwater close in and flushing bypass.Reservoir operating strategy works in the way that first the reservoir should be reached at a minimum aim and then little by little growing it each year by a small amount. This would ensure the tunnel security until the underwater dam is made. A rock file dike underwater should be made to prevent sediment to overwhelm. Then a bypass would have to be made at a low direct with a high capacity in order to be able to flush the sediment. If the plan is implemented this way it would make the storage sustainable. The loss that would be occurred would be more or less what the Kalabagh dam would be designed to take.As is the Kalabagh dam have many issues. The crop yield change magnitude that has been project is only in the case when water logging and salinity is put out of the consideration. Hydel energy is really expensive which adds to the environmental cost. Many ecosystems that live in the mangrove forests and are relying on the Indus River would be degraded.Many opposition parties often ignore all these valuable blessings of building Kalabagh dam and still oppose to the building of the dam. Some of the reasons for this opposition are that thither is no evidence given to the opposing parties about the costs of hydro power as compared to other sources which provide energy. Other than this, there is a deficiency of organized assessment of the cost of Ka labagh water and the costs of substitute ways of increasing deliverance of water used in the irrigation system and at the same time dropping the wastage in the use of irrigation used water.( Kalabagh dam an ecological disaster by Abrar Kazi)The adverse impacts of the Kalabagh dam which much opposition argue are, that, it is not yet clear that whether the water flowing from the Indus is enough for filling up the dam in next few years. Another argument is that, the water flowing below Kotri, if it is reduced, than it will affect the people who are very much dependant on this water flowing from underneath Kotri and then utilizes this water on agriculture and fisheries in the coastal Sindh. It will ruin the lives of many people living in the coastal Sindh. The situation becomes more alarming when WAPDA avoid this sort of statistics and rejects to undertake comprehensive and credible studies on this matter.The federal government in response says that, every year, 35maf water goes wasted into the sea, downriver of Kotri. However this wasted water can be used to bring a huge amount of new land used for cultivation and can be used to produce more food. In response to the siltation of land, the federal government says that more dams can help in replacing the lost storage of existing dams. As otherwise we are actually losing the existing storage due to siltation of previous reservoirs.The WAPDA figures in 1987 showed that there was a system loss of an average of 10 MAF in the can Mangla period. However, these figures were doubted, as once the Tarbela dam was built, it was seen that the river regime conditions worsened in 1977. The average yearly system losses in post Tarbela era (1976-94) increase to 14.7 maf as in opposition to 6.2 MAF in the post Mangla pre-Tarbela period (1967-76), showing an increase of 8.5 MAF.Another problem is that, in the Indus basin there is high levels of water logging and salinity, and if the irrigation supplied are to be increased it will just add more to the water logging and salinity to an alarming level in the Indus basin which could be very dangerous. Organizations which drain out the water, such as, national drainage program will take a long time period in reducing the water level from the basins to the sea, and even then, there is a huge probability that it will create a lot of problems and will take a lot of time, as there is no other alternative way of draining the runoff into the sea.The other issues are the financial issues think with the building of Kalabagh dam. There is a very tiny possibility of our government in getting financial aid from international organizations. Most probably the dam will only increases are countries debts. However, if private infrastructure funds are attracted to finance the Kalabagh dam at a high return rate, it is uncertain that the project will still stay fiscally and cost-effectively feasible.Meetings of the council of common interests will remain a poor substitute for resp onsible and responsive governance.There is an urgent wish for the multi ethnic general public involvement on these vital issues of both ethical and officially authorized civil rights to once own life and hold that enclose claims to water. Simply in identifying this issue we can sincerely initiate effort towards forging a nationwide agreement on whether or not to construct Kalabagh, rather than by holding conferences amongst councils, who decide on these serious issues.The benefits of Kalabagh dam are considerable. Kalabagh dam will replace the loss of storage in the Tarbela and Mangla moreover it will increase the total quantity of stored water facilitating further and well-timed discharge for irrigation use in order to boost the food granulate production. (Kalabagh need for informed debate by Aly Ercelawn Omar Asghar Khan)DiscussionKalabagh dam is protect that would bring about many changes and many of those changes would be very hard, costly and soul-destroying to cope. Kalab agh dam project is based on many assumptions that are either not true or are just one side of the story. I believe that Kalabagh dam does indeed have some significantly important points to support itself in the construction of it such as the electricity generation and increased food supply through growth in irrigation. However at the same time i believe that Kalabagh dam should not be built when looking at the adverse affects that it would have on the economy. Kalabagh dam is prospect to be only useful or living for 22-30 years this means that the cost of making it would not be fully recovered and the replacement of the dam by a new project after its useful life would be again a major expense and hassle. Many other affects of the Kalabagh dam could not be left without putting a great deal of thought into it. The project would affect lots of people and land. Through the Kalabagh dam lots of farmland would be lost and hence the food production would also go down. This would ultimatel y affect the GDP of Pakistan and cause a national decline. Many people who live in those areas where the dam has to be built would have to be re-homed to new places which is very expensive and could mean that the whole project could be useless in regards the cost. Not only would the government have to re home the people who would be left homeless but also many of the roadways such as the Attock-Talang roadway and railway service would have to be aforethought(ip) all over again. The Sui gas line in the north would also be affected and the re-construction of that would be very costly as well. Moving on, stock-still much costly the problems mentioned above are they can still be tackled with nonetheless. Many of the issues are much more serious and would have an impact on our environment and society for much long-lasting or even indefinite time. One such issue would be the lost of the forest. The mangrove forests that would be realised would cost Pakistan the loss of massive wildlife and would cause many diseases through disruptions in the in the food chain. For a healthy atmosphere we need forests and the wildlife that its caters, if the forests are affected not only do humans suffer through the loss of food chains and loss of trees which are useful for production in many finished goods but also the changes in percentages of gasses in the atmosphere would be very harmful for the human life. Even if these issues could be catered for and the Kalabagh dam could maintain its costs through its benefits it would be a project that could be given a thought. However, the physical properties and uses of the dam have also failed to produce a truly celebrated picture. Kalabagh dam has been projected to produce 43.5 MAF electricity according to WAPDA however, initially WAPDA itself announced a figure of 23.5 MAF on the basis of the past 60 years of records, when they completed that this figure was too small they gave a new higher figure and claimed it to be on the basis o f the last 22 years. This clearly shows that the figures provided by the government and WAPDA are not very reliable. In the case of the Tarbela dam governments had also produced wrong figures that proved to be wrong and disastrous for the provinces of Sindh and Baluchistan. Sindh and Baluchistan believe that they would have to suffer from water shortages and the Punjab would get the benefit. Kalabagh dam would also cause water logging by putting backpressure on the river Kabul. River Indus would also be polluted and the existing problem of water shortage would just be increased by the Kalabagh project. Studies have also showed that if worked to their full capacities, the existing dams are enough for the production of the electricity need of Pakistan. Kalabagh dam would only cause more frustration and decline in the growth of Pakistans economy and would hamper the production of energy instead of increasing it. The dispute from the three provinces would lead to a national dispute and would mean a conflict at both the level of society as well as the parliament. All the benefits of the Kalabagh dam that the supporters of it have put forward have never been reliable enough and face criticisms and face valid problems. These problems in my impression must be first overcome through other minor projects, which are safer, and if it is still necessary then the Kalabagh project should be given a thought. Other minor projects include ghazi Barotha and Bhasha dams.ConclusionTo conclude i would like to say that Kalabagh dam does have many good points as stated in the literature review such as the eradication of energy crisis and the increase in the irrigation increasing the supply of food. However the costs and the affects of this project are quite an massive and could result in increasing the problems instead of solving it. The adverse affects of the Kalabagh dam are very massive and must be given a very careful review before any decision is made. Kalabagh dam has many ne gative points to it and there are very little reliable solutions to those problems that have been given. In the light of the current situation the decision to not allow the construction of the Kalabagh dam is the correct decision and until any better proposal or solutions to the problems mentioned above are not found permitting the construction of Kalabagh dam would most likely turn out to be a disaster. To overcome the current energy crisis of Pakistan, there should be an attempt to strictly supervise the production of energy that is present from the existing plants and these should produce at their best capacity. This might reflect that many of the studies that have shown that with the existing plants producing energy at their best in Pakistan the energy crisis could be solved altogether might be true. This strategy might bear off the whole need for the Kalabagh or a new dam or a plant to produce energy at the first place. If the problem still persists and proves the analogy of e xisting plants being able to meet the energy demand of Pakistan wrong then other small projects should be tried first which would not have so much of the adverse affects related to them such as the Bhasha dam and the ghazi Barotha dam project. These small projects are thought to be much more effective as they have little impact on the society and still can produce higher energy, however these dams also have environmental and humanly costs related to them and therefore should be avoided as much as possible.

Management Responsibilities at Tesco

solicitude Responsibilities at TescoIn this study I filter out briefly to focus on the super foodstuff comp every(prenominal), Tesco, with emphasis on the operational responsibility of a eagerness jitney, legal, health and safeguard (HS) obligations, administrative system, sidereal day to day responsibility of a facility director.IntroductionTesco is one of the largest food retailers in the world (the largest in the UK) and its objectives are to provide its staff with all the infallible training and equipment to perform their everyday jobs efficiently and provide their nodes with a avail that is second to none.Tesco aims to deliver cheaper and the best available produces for its customers, from the best suppliers and also long full term reductions throughout the business. Tescos aim is to furnish and make their customers shopping trip as easy as possible and make sure they spend less per product and get the best value.Tesco are now providing more and more non food products/services including Electrical, Car and Home insurance, Broadband etcetera (http//www.tescoplc.com)The responsibilities of the facilities manager for staff industrious in facilities operation (p1)There is a lot of responsibility of a facility manager for the staff engaged in facility operation.The responsibilities related staffs includes practice session conditionPay issueTraining and developmentThe wagesHolidaysTUPE etc.Arranging the appraisal includescertificate sentry go device hand bookKeeping accounting of incident, inspection, HS etc.Legal issue includes ploughing time regulation ( average 48 hour in a week for full time employee)Rules of sparkTransfer of undertaking according to the law.The facility manager ask to ensure all the facility according to the law .Responsibility of a facility manager has to operational aspects of the building (p2) mental quickness manager need to confirm grammatical construction space allocated victorianly.A safe, comfortable and pr oductive environment for the entire employee and the customers visiting the building. contain efficient use of building HAVAC, electrical and mechanical system.Demountable walls for office and conference rooms are encouraged for greater flexibility.Flexible modular etc. motorcoach need maintain some regulation The main requirement, work set out (health, safety and welfare) regulation 1992 and their associated approved code of practice (ACOP)wellness and safety (display screen equipment) regulations 1992Building regulations 2000, approved document.(www.HYPERLINK http//www.buildingdesign.co.uk/mech/landisstaefa/landis.htmbuildingHYPERLINK http//www.buildingdesign.co.uk/mech/landisstaefa/landis.htmdesign.co.uk/mech/landisstaefa/landis.htm)Responsibility of facility manager has towards customers utilise the facility (p3)Customers are most important part for any supermarket. They should provide some facility for customers And facilities manager maintain all of these facilities which ar e using by the customers. The responsibilities of facility manager regarding this are-Identify the customer and their need.Provide product information to customerEnsure customer service equal customer care assistant, customer care department, complaint center etc.Ensure health and safety issue for customer.Good plan of attack for disabled customer.Good security policy for customers. I.e. CCTV, security guard.Information center.Disable toiletsWash roomCar parkingSign board for identifying the product.Self service till etc.Impact of employers and funding agencies on facilities operations (P4)The facility manager has to know nigh conditions and regulations of forethought board. Ownership of facilities, the employers, management board, local administration and different funding agencies know important role on facility operation. The manager needs to ensure the facility for them as well as to follow the rule and regulation.Time share programmeCar parking facility etc.The demand of authoritiesTheir social tradition etcRecruiting policyCustomer facility (car parking, security, health and safety policy)Participate in different environmental and social activities (local club, cultural program) etc.The statutory regulation that affects facility operation (P5)Statutory regulations put on important effect on facility operation of any organization. The six-pack consists of six key sets of regulations introduced together in 1992. Some of them put on been updated. They are * Management of wellness and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (Management Regulations)-make a suitable and sufficient assessment of the stakes to employees (including, specifically, young people and pregnant women) and others affected by their work activities.-plan, organize, control, varan and review health and safety arrangements etc* Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 (Workplace Regulations)-These regulations govern much of the responsibility which facilities managers have for ensure that the work premises are clean, comfortable, well-lit, well-ventilated and well-organized.* Manual discussion Operations Regulations 1992-Manual handling is the transporting or supporting of a load by hand or bodily force, including lifting, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving.* Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER)-Employers must ensure all work equipment (such as tools, photocopiers, vehicles, manufacturing plant) is safe to use, maintained in a safe condition and is inspected for safety by a commensurate person, employ only by trained personnel etc.* Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (PPE Regulations)-assess whether PPE (such as face masks, gloves etc.) is suitable and provide it to employees exposed to risks, ensure items of PPE worn together are compatible etc.* Health and safety (display screen equipment) regulation 1992(DSE Regulation)-Every employer shall ensure that any workstation which may be used for the purposes of his undertaking meets the requirements laid down in the Schedule to these Regulations.There are some other key statutory regulations the employer and facility management need to know. wind (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 (CDM Regulations)Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002 (CAW Regulations)Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH)Health and Safety (Consultation with Employees) Regulations 1996Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1989Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER)Health and Safety Information for Employees Regulations 1989Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996Reporting of Injuries, Dis placiditys and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR)Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regulations 1977All regulations effects the facilities operations of Sainsburys and the management system need to be care full about this regulations.In every supermarket they have some legal issues that never been changed or broken. These legal issues sometimes affect in different way in business. These legal issues are most important for customer staff. These issues probably made by the government and under the company. As followingDisability Discrimination Act (DDA) 1995 inner Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) 1999Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) 2003Facilities manager responsibility is to maintain all of these legal issues. They never did any differentiate between all of these categories peoples.Health and safety measures implemented by a facility manager (P6)Health and safety in work is one of the most important issues. The facility manager indispensable to follow the rules and regulation of health and safety issues and should have a nice risk assessment procedure.There are two types of riskPure risk like arouse, storm, theft, violence etc.Business risk such as change of customer expectation, Government policy, Economic impact (cred it crunch) etc.Organization needs to follows HSEs five steps for risk assessment-Look for the hazards.Decide who might be harmed and how.Weigh up the risks and decide whether existing precautions are adequate or more needs to be done.Record your findings 5.Review your assessment and revise it if necessary.Tesco follow the regulations given below to maintain health and safety in their organization.* Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH)According this regulation the employer must follow these criteria-Make a suitable and sufficient assessment of health risks to employees exposed to hazardous substances.In order of preference, restrain exposure, control exposure or provide PPEprovide health surveillance for exposed employeeskeep exposed employees health records for 40 yearsattach safety data sheets to COSHH assessments.* Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR)According this law tacos health and safety executive ( HSE) need to make all the reports of injuries, disease of employees and dangerous occurrence in workplace.These health and safety rules are provided for customers and staffs for keep them safe from any unexpected accident. The health and safety measures that implemented by a facility manager, isVentilationTemperature punkFloor spaceSanitationCleanness and waste materialsFire exitRisk assessmentFirst aidHealth and safety training(www.unitetheunion.com)The documentation indispensable to statutory regulations and health and safety measure (p7)Tesco follow a proper documentation system and paper work regarding the statutory regulations and health and safety measures.By keeping the paperwork of their annual health and safety reports. This report provides all the data about serious injuries, facility change, controlling health and safety risks etc. everlastingly keep the HSE posters to maintain control the health and safety of employees.Follow the regulations of fire authority by fulfill ing their expectation.By ensuring that the stores have enough fire exits, fire alarms, fire blanket, first aid kit, fire exit sign and train the employees about fire riskEmployers liability (compulsory insurance) Act1969 is maintained by Sainsbury to ensure the value of employees.Sainsburys supermarkets have active monitoring system and they take proper reaction regarding the results.In the case of safety representatives, the information must also be sufficient to alter them to carry out their functions under the Regulations. These includeinvestigation of potential hazards and dangerous occurrences and examine the causes of accidentsinvestigation of members complaintsmaking representations to the employerconsulting and receiving information from HSE inspectors and other enforcement officers on behalf of membersattending meetings of the safety committeeThe Facility manager must ensure that each safety representative is provided with reasonable training, in respect of that representa tives functions under the Regulations, for which the employer must redress. system of rules affect information and maintaining communications (p8)Before setting the system we need to think some criteria. The system need to cover all data and information of customers and its employees. i.e.,For management information there should be information on planning, benchmarking and cognitive plow measurement.For property management there needs to be information on property, portfolio control, estate diary and real estate development.For maintaining communication there need to effective IT system. Where customers can get all the information. Also communicate with the customers using media like advertisements, promotions and the website. An effective IT systems is using in the organization to keep the records of customers.Control system required for effective facilities operations (p9)The term control system may be applied to the fundamentally manual controls that allow operating internal facilities operation. An effective and efficient planning system is important for long-term economic progress. In this sector it includes companys financial issues. In this sectors it is includeaccounting departmentstore lease apostrophizesuppliers paymentStores internal wagesstaff salarysick paymaternity paypaternity coststore maintenance costYearly bonusPensionsTraining and development costCustomer facilities costA good recruiting butt need to be controlled by their human resource department.Advertising the vacancies through their website.Receive the applicationsConsider the applications and calling for interviewChoose the right personA good control system is being applied in giving salaries and wages. They also expense money for staff training, new technology development etc.System needed by a facilities manager to support effective building management (p10)A building management system (BMS) is a electronic computer based control system installed in building which normally co mprises-Power systemsIllumination SystemElectric Power control systemHeating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning HVAC SystemSecurity Observation systemMagnetic card and access systemFire alarm systemLifts, Elevators etc.Plumbing systemOperational benefits like as low operating cost, high productivity and efficient use of building etc.Maintenance companies benefits are effective use of maintenance staff, ease of information, detecting problems etc.The communication maintained by Ethernet and internet both guest and employee.Appropriate criteria to evaluate the quality and effectiveness of facility operation (P11)Facility management department need to follow appropriate criteria to keep the quality and effectiveness of facility operations in a good level.This is involves the relation of the cost and level of performance. For that we need to know about the resource drivers which help in deployment of resource. Tescos resource drivers can be classified as Quantitative the floor demesne of stores, number of stores etc.Qualitative geographic location of Tescos, their product quality etc.Economic tax and interest rates, market condition etc. run condition specific lease condition of buildings.Then the facility manager needs to think about their market targets and current performance data. To ensure the performance data FM can use CAFM facility and helpdesk software. The FM should have clear concern about the facility system of competitor. Moreover, Facility manager need to think about sustainable property idea which is based on the principle that the construction and operation of buildings do not lead to any environmental deterioration of natural world resources. FM should consider following to achieve the objectivepollution reduction in emissions from service vehiclesWaste cycle of waste material where possible, e.g., paper, batteries.Implement evaluation and review procedures to analyse the quality and effectiveness of facility operation (P12)Tesco aims to deliver cheaper and the best available products for their customer. The FM try to make their customers shopping trip as easy as possible and make sure they spends less per product and get the best value. A proper implementation of facility operation will help Tesco to,Keep the operational cost to a minimumMake a safe and healthy place to workfollow all the regulationsMake all the systems effective etc.Tesco always collect information and data of their competitors, bench marketing, and share market and to equivalence data from different organizations. All written documents and feedback of previous operations make it easy to make the quality and effectiveness of facility operation high. Tesco created different facility like asgood customer servicegood access facility(disabled access, space for wheelchair)Enough information facility for of their productsEasy to shop (online shopping, free kin delivery) etc.Overall a quality and effective facility operation brings these key benefits for Tesc o Effective management of organisations assetsEnhance staff skillsEnables new working styles and processEnhances an Sainsburys identity and imageDelivers business continuity and workforce protection in an era of heightened market turbulence and security threatsConclusion and recommendationAs we have seen the responsibility of a facility manager in terms of facility operation, Tesco has mastered and exploited all the concept of facility operation and become the market leader. As a facility manager would like to recommend my managing director to ensure the IT facility and self service till facility at all the store.

Relationship Between Food And Art English Language Essay

Relationship Between Food And Art English Language EssayThis essay will leaven the relationship between fodder for thought and contrivance by asking if food female genitalia be position as an artistry, and if so, the commonalities it sh bes with different art pieces. To discuss the feasibleness of the aforementioned relationship, this essay will use a particular vitrine, through which different theories will be analysed. However, it is heavy to put forth this essays hypothesis, which agrees that food merchant ship be thought as an art piece, a construct which will be discussed later on.Our example concerns the figure of the Catalan cook Ferran Adri, who had the best eating place in the world, El Bulli, for five years, with the added accolade of three Michelin stars until 2011, when it closed. The reason why this trip has been chosen has to do with the fact that Ferran Adri has been comp ard as an artist and his dishes as anomalous artworks by different experts in gastr onomy.FOOD AS AN ARTWORKIn order to analyse if this connection is feasible, it is important to discuss the notion of food and its social occasion in the society, an aspect that can be easily linked to the caprice of artwork. Different authors look at discussed the social sour of food in the society. For instance, J. Hegarty(2001) says that one of the school principal differences between animals and humans is the fact that we cook our aliments, which causes cultural differences among humans. Moreover, he overly argues that cooking is something that humans learn and, at that placefore, it is not an innate characteristic but an estimation that can be related to the dichotomy between nature and culture, discussed by different classic anthropologists, such as Claude Lvi-Strauss. Since food is one of the aspects that divide humans from animals and the notion that cooking is an acquired skill, it does belong to the culture. This is enough to conclude that food has an impact in the society. However, there are new(prenominal) reasons why, such as those discussed by O. Castillo and E. Gonzlez(2007), who purport that during the process of eating, human beings are also looking for other social elements, as establishing new friendships or partnerships. All these ideas discussed by these scholars can be applied in different societies and in specific social contexts, which will help to understand the importance of food within it. For instance, in the occurrence of the natal day of a family member, any the family will meet up and have a meal together, normally lunch or dinner. In this case, the idea of meeting up to eat is utilise as an excuse to gather together all the family. This is only a particular social context that can be apply to exemplify this connection between food and its role in the society as a process that goes beyond the simple fact of eating.So distant it can be seen that food has a function in the society, which is a considerable aspect in or der to link it with an artwork. As this module has shown throughout the term is that art pieces have social meaning and they structure a part of the society. One example could be the Bark Paintings, a type of Australian Aboriginal art, which are a re-representation of the landscape. Mainly, these form a representation of the external memory recalling clues of the ancestral intention, which is encoded in the landscape, linking emotional ties with the land and the presence of the ancestors in it. another(prenominal) example could be the basketry by the Yekuana, which is used to structure the society in a particular way as Guss says, Basketry therefore becomes a significant index in the general growth and competence of an individual, used to chart not only practical knowledge but also status and identity(2006380). Whit both(prenominal) examples it has been shown how art also has a role in the society influencing different aspects of such.In the case of El Bulli, this idea that food g oes beyond the simple fact of eating is also represented mainly attributed to two reasons. Firstly it can be thought that because of the high prices (minimum 400/person) the people that decided to go there expected something more than just the food. Secondly, the fact that the waiting list was minimum two years it is another element that shows that the costumers looked for something else than just food but all the experience that goes with it.Some scholars have argued that food cannot be considered art because of its inherent and basic function consumption. Before discussing this question, it is important to talk about the concept of esthetic reactions, which in the words of Hegarty(2001), it is related to the idea of beauty, and specifically in the case of gastronomyThis translates into menu balance and accordance in such areas as colour, temperature, taste and metric grain which in some cases can be dictated by the aesthetic demands of the raw materials which are used to create a gastronomic work(200112)From this quote it can be said that if a specific dish has the characteristics mentioned, then it would be thought as beautiful and therefore as art.This idea of aesthetic reactions is also discussed by Tefler, who says that the aesthetic qualities can be characterised as non-neutral, non-instrumental, having certain intensity and often accompanied by judgements for which the judgers claim a kind of objectivity(200211). In other words, for Tefler an object has an aesthetic reaction if it is appreciated for its own characteristics, it can impress the viewer and it is not influenced by a personal criterion.In El Bullis case of study the idea of aesthetic reactions is useful because it is one of the characteristics associated with art. Aside from the different opinions of it, it can be said that the notion of aesthetic reactions is mainly related with the idea of beauty, and also to the different characteristics given by Tefler. Regarding this example, it can be seen that some of the dishes do not look as food at first cumulus but they can be thought as a portrait or as an artistic photograph1. Moreover, if the Hegarty point of view is taken into account, the harmony of Ferran Adris dishes can be related to the idea of beauty and then to the concept of aesthetic reactions, which is a key concept for the art pieces.However, some scholars weigh that food cannot be thought as art because of its function, such as M.L.Quinet(1981), who has the argument that the function of art is to provide an object for aesthetic contemplations and, on the other hand, the foods function is its consumption, which causes that these two concepts cannot be associated. However, she also states that in some cases food can be considered art as long as it has an aesthetic function and it is not expected to be eaten. This idea is relevant to rise that what makes this discussion so complex is the main function of the food. But even if the purposes between them are different, it does not have to be the only criterion to conclude that food is not art. The Quinets idea is helpful because it introduces a key difference between the liberal arts function, an idea discussed later on.Finally, it is relevant to discuss Teflers idea that not all objects with aesthetic reactions can be considered artwork, because they do not share the characteristics of what constitutes an art piece, a point I will endeavour to explore next.An artwork is by Tefler a man-made thing, even if the human involvement need consist of no more than putting a natural object in a gallery and giving it a title(200212). She differentiates between artwork which can be seen in a classificative or evaluative manner. In general harm, an artwork in the classificative sense has to do with how the object is regarded and if it is intended for an aesthetic consideration. On the other hand, an artwork in the evaluative way deals with the idea if the object deserves the merit of being conside red as such. This difference in the meaning of an artwork is useful in terms of knowing that the concept of art cannot be thought as a static one with only one meaning. In regard to food this miscellany is also useful, because as Tefler says, food can be thought as art in the classifying way of artwork, since for many cooks and costumers some meals are intended to be considered in an aesthetic consideration, in other words, to be savoured, appraised, thought about, discussed(200214). So, the main point of those meals is not to provide nourishment but to have a hike experience. This idea of food as an artwork in a classifying sense can be highly related with Ferran Adris work, which requires a lot of thought and analysis before cooking it, and its aim is to provide an unforgettable experience to the customer, which goes beyond the simple fact of eating.In relation to this classification of artworks it is also important to mention the difference between art and craft, which is argue d by various scholars. Quinet, who thinks that food cannot be considered art in general terms, concludes that The culinary arts, one might claim, are indeed arts, but only when we use the term art in the sense of mere craft and this is not the way in which the term is used in aesthetics(1981159). The difference between art and craft is also analysed by Tefler, who says that it lies in the degree of creativity, so something is considered art if it is an original creation and when the object is a result of carrying out instructions then it is contemplated as craft. The relationship between this classification and food is significant, because depending on the level of creativity in the process of cooking, food could be thought as art or not. Even if in general terms a receipt is being followed when cooking, in the case of El Bulli, the creativity applied in their dishes is enormous, because there is a long process of analysis behind with the goal to create new imaginative dishes. One e xample of such could be the dish called Peach paper2, which is presented as a letter or also the liquid olives3, which is the result of a complex molecular(a) technique created by Ferran Adri named spherification. Hence, the food cooked in El Bulli can be considered an art according to the amount of creativity.In relation to this difference between art and craft it is also advantageous to mention the classification between fine and useful arts, argued by Hegarty. The useful arts are those that are utilitarian, such as the design of a building or furniture. However, fine arts are defined by seeking to relate, to communicate and commune between people in that, the artist assumes an audience when he/she for example, writes a poem or paints a picture(20018). Food can be related to this last idea of fine art, as well as theatre, music or dance(Anson,2006), an idea that can also be known as minor art.CONCLUSIONThis essay has discussed the idea that food can be considered as art by using a specific case of study, El Bulli. Different arguments have been put forth to demonstrate the existence of this connection between art and food, such as its social role in the society as well as other artworks.Concerning the case of study of this essay, it can be said that El Bullis dishes can be related to the idea of artwork. One reason is their aesthetic reactions, meaning that they are associated with the concept of beauty, causing the difficulty to differentiate some of them from portraits. Another reason is because their function goes beyond the idea of nourishment, since they are expected to provide a further experience. Furthermore, they have a high degree of creativity, which makes it possible to correlate them with the idea of art and differentiate them from the notion of craft.appendixhttp//www.elbulli.com/catalogo/commons/generar_img.php?id=879PoG=GPicture 1.1Soup of pinkish grapefruit with tarragon and praline salted with black sesame (2003)http//www.elbulli.com/catalo go/commons/generar_img.php?id=987PoG=GPicture 1.2Blooming cucumbers in vinegar with mustard seeds and tarragon (2004)http//www.elbulli.com/catalogo/commons/generar_img.php?id=920PoG=GPicture 1.32m of Parmesan spaghetti (2003)http//www.elbulli.com/catalogo/commons/generar_img.php?id=1207PoG=GPicture 1.4Tree passion fruit (2005)Picture 1.5http//www.elbulli.com/catalogo/commons/generar_img.php?id=973PoG=GTies of beet with vinegar powder (2004)http//www.elbulli.com/catalogo/commons/generar_img.php?id=1098PoG=GPicture 1.6Paper of peach Tramontana (2005)http//www.elbulli.com/catalogo/commons/generar_img.php?id=1095PoG=GPicture 1.7Spherical green olives- I (2005) Liquid oliveshttp//www.elbulli.com/catalogo/commons/generar_img.php?id=1085PoG=GPicture 1.8 coloured wafers of carrot and beet (2004)

The Chosen :: essays research papers

Plot Summary of The ChosenThe action of The Chosen unfolds in the immigrant community of Williamsburg, Brooklyn, against the backdrop of land War II. It is seen through the eyes of Reuven Malter, a boy who would appear to have much in common with Danny, for they are both brilliant, Jewish, closely tied to their fathers, and near-neighbors who represent only five blocks apart. Still, they attend separate yeshivas and inhabit very different worlds. A base dinner dress league is begun. When Danny Saunders school plays Reuven Malters, the Hasids are determined to show the apikorsim a thing or two and the competition is fierce. Dannys murderous hitting is remarkable, but when Reuven comes to pitch he does not back away. A hard ball shatters his glasses and smashes into his eye, sending him to the hospital for a week. At his fathers insistence, Reuven permits the repentant Danny to visit him, and they travel friends. Danny dazzles Reuven with demonstrations of his photographic mind, w ith the quantity of scholarly work he bears each day, and with the intellectual prowess of his English and Hebrew studiesqualities greatly revered in traditional Jewish culture. Dannys revelations startle Reuven he confesses he would or else be a psychologist than accept his inherited role as spiritual leader of his fathers sect. Reuvens confessions surprise Danny he reveals his desire to become a rabbi, though his scholar-father would prefer him to follow his talent and become a mathematician. Danny cannot understand how anyone would choose the very position he secretly wishes to reject. At a time when conflicts are churning within him, Danny finds Reuven as an empathetic listener who is highly intelligent yet safenot a Hasid, but a Jew who follows orthodox religious traditions without rejecting the secular possibilities in the world around them. As the boys become friends, Reuven begins to learn about Hasidism. He learns that there are tzaddiks who were believed to be powerful l inks between the people and God. In some sects it was believed that a leader should take upon himself the sufferings of the Jewish people. Such a leader is Reb Saunders. His ways and his teachings are the ways of seventeenth century Hasids and it is this role that Danny is expected to fill when he becomes the tzaddik. In the long initial visits that Reuven pays to Reb Saunders congregation to be pass as fit company for Danny, Reuven observes the way Hasidic philosophy permeates his friends life.

Essay --

The Apostolic Fathers are a group of Early Christian Authors who wrote between the eradicate of the New Testament times and c. 150. J.B. Cotelier created the term Apostolic Fathers in 1672 as he designated five writers as Patres aevi apostolici, which translates to Fathers of the apostolic age. These authors didnt come in concert on their own to create a group themselves, but were put together because of their writings by scholars. As a group, their writings teach us about early Christian struggles in the early second century when Christianity was still growing. These writings include The Didache, 1 Clement & 2 Clement, The Apology of Quadratus and The Epistle to Diognetus, The Shephard of Hermas, The Epistle of Barnabas, The Epistles of Ignatius of Antioch, the Epistle to the Philippians, and The calvary of Polycarp. The Didaches date and place of origin are uncertain. Researchers have narrowed it down to areas in western Syria, especially Antioch. They estimated the date to be aro und the frontmost to second century. The Didache can be divided into four different dissevers. The first part is the Two Ways The Way of Life and The Way of Death. The second part is describing rituals of baptisms, Christian prayers, and the Eucharist. The third part is rules on receiving wandering apostles and prophets. The fourth and final part is about electing officials such as bishops and deacons. The next is the 1 Clement and 2 Clement. 1 Clement was a letter from the Church of Rome to the Church of Corinth. Iranaeus dates 1 Clement to have been written around 95-97 AD. Although he doesnt drive that Clement is the author, some historians name him as the author. 1 Clement was sent because the Church of Corinth had replaced its elders in office with... ... the story of his death in twenty-two chapters as a letter from the church in Smyrna to the congregation of Philomelium. The execution of Polycarp is particularly significant in early Christian literature because of the fra mework that it provided for later depictions of the deaths of nigh followers of Christ (Jefford 2005, 19). The person who witnessed Polycarps martyrdom was Everestus. This letter suggests that Polycarp and Jesus lead similar lives. They both prayed for the safety of their followers, hosted a final meal, and betrayed by somebody close to them. The Apostolic Fathers were a group of authors that wrote about what was happening with Christianity at the time of their lives. Some authors are known, and some are still unknown to this day. all in all of these texts help us to learn about what early Christians went through in different parts of the world.